[aymara] ES La condena pública por parte de la Unión Europea del “apartheid lingüístico” paraguayo.

["Joan Moles i Carrera" <Joan.Moles@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx>]

De: Karaku - Observatorio Guaraní Europeo -- Karaku - Tesarekoha Avañe'ê 
Európape
Para: Karaku - Observatorio Guaraní Europeo -- Karaku - Tesarekoha Avañe'ê 
Európape
Tema: “Ñe’ê Ñemboyke” Paraguáipe - “Apartheid Lingüístico” paraguayo -
Paraguayan “Linguistic Apartheid” - “Apartheid Linguistique” paraguayen -
Die paraguayische „sprachliche Apartheid“

ES     La condena pública por parte de la Unión Europea del “apartheid
lingüístico” paraguayo.

A Sr. Ján Figel’
Comisario de Educación, Formación, Cultura y Multilingüismo, Comisión
Europea
CAB–FIGEL@xxxxxxxxxxxx

A todos los miembros del Parlamento Europeo

A Sr. Moritz Leuenberger
A la Presidencia de la Confederación Helvética
webmaster@xxxxxxxx, moritz.leuenberger@xxxxxxxx

Pedimos que la Unión Europea contribuya activamente, sobre todo mediante
cooperación técnica y económica, aunque también con inspecciones
internacionales, a poner fin al sistema implícito de “apartheid lingüístico”
(1811–2006) en  Paraguay contra el guaraní.

Como ciudadanos de Paraguay, pedimos de forma pública a la Unión Europea, a
los Estados miembros, a los Estados candidatos y a todas las comunidades
lingüísticas y ciudadanos de la Unión Europea y Suiza (por su larga
tradición de país constitucionalmente y efectivamente multilingüe), que
contribuyan a poner fin al inmoral régimen implícito de “apartheid
lingüístico” vigente en Paraguay desde 1811 hasta hoy y que ha segregado a
millones de paraguayos de lengua guaraní durante dos siglos, impidiéndoles
el acceso a la educación, a la formación y a la información en guaraní y con
ellos impidiendo su real y activa participación social, cultural, económica
y política.

¿Cuál es, de forma breve, la situación del guaraní?

Es la lengua primera, autóctona y mayoritaria de Paraguay.

De acuerdo con el Censo Nacional de Población y Viviendas de Paraguay del
año 2002, el 59 por ciento de todos los hogares paraguayos es de lengua
guaraní.

Se calcula que entre 6 y 12 millones de personas hablan guaraní en Paraguay,
Bolivia, Argentina y Brasil.

El 1992 se declaró, por primera vez en toda la historia del Paraguay
independiente (1811), la cooficialidad en todo el país del guaraní, aunque
esta declaración no ha tenido ningún efecto real hasta hoy (2006). Las
carencias más terribles y visibles de la no aplicación de la cooficialidad
son: la Administración estatal —todas sus ramas— no funciona en guaraní, las
leyes no se publican ni se han publicado nunca en guaraní, los productos
comerciales no se comercializan con instrucciones en guaraní, no existen
regulaciones sobre cuotas de uso del guaraní por parte de los medios de
comunicación públicos y privados, la imagen y la simbología nacional de
Paraguay no incorporan el guaraní, el guaraní no es lengua oficial ni de
trabajo de las distintas instituciones y organismos del Mercosur ni de otros
organismos de los que forma parte Paraguay, etc.

No hay educación en guaraní. En 1994 se introdujo de forma experimental la
enseñanza en guaraní en 118 escuelas sobre casi 6.000 escuelas que tenía
Paraguay en ese año. En 1997 había 400 escuelas con la modalidad de
enseñanza en guaraní. En 2006 sólo 10 escuelas continúan con la enseñanza en
guaraní, después de que el Gobierno Paraguayo dejase de apoyar activa y
claramente esta modalidad. Esta política estatal, que perjudica a la mayoría
de la población, no ha provocado ninguna denuncia internacional, a pesar de
que nunca en doscientos años se ha educado a los paraguayos en guaraní, la
lengua mayoritaria del país.

¿Por qué nos dirigimos a la Unión Europea y a Suiza?

– Porque la Unión Europea (y Suiza) es, y quiere serlo, un referente
universal en la gestión del multilingüismo.

– Porque en la Unión Europea hay Estados que funcionan con dos o más
lenguas: Finlandia, Bélgica, Malta, Irlanda, Luxemburgo, España de forma
parcial, Italia de forma parcial, el Reino Unido de forma parcial, etc.

– Porque la protección de los derechos lingüísticos, tal como se entienden y
se practican en la Unión Europea y Suiza, no ha llegado a Paraguay ni a
muchos países de América. Únicamente ha llegado a Quebec (y a Canadá en su
conjunto), y básicamente sólo para proteger muy activamente una lengua
europea: el francés. En ningún país de la Unión Europea se consentiría que
se gobernase en la lengua “colonial” y de la minoría y que en ámbitos tan
básicos como la Administración pública y la justicia la lengua autóctona de
la mayoría de la población no pudiera usarse con normalidad y plenitud.

– Porque en América, cuando se habla de multilingüismo, normalmente sólo se
habla de las lenguas europeas (inglés, francés, castellano, portugués,
neerlandés), que han minorizado, asesinado o marginalizado a las lenguas
americanas y las relaciones entre sí. Es elocuente que ninguna lengua
americana, en 2006, sea una lengua normal de Estado en América. Ningún otro
continente del mundo se halla en esta situación. La justicia en el mundo, si
no se quiere crear más resentimiento entre las distintas comunidades
humanas, también pasa por estatalizar en América las lenguas americanas que
todavía hoy cuentan con millones de hablantes o son muy viables en su
contexto y en la protección y promoción de las demás lenguas.

– Porque tal vez hoy las lenguas oficiales de la Unión Europea y Suiza (pero
también las que no son oficiales) no se sientan amenazadas por otras lenguas
ni se sientan en peligro de extinción. Pero si en las Américas se imponen
cuatro (o cinco) lenguas, todas europeas: inglés, castellano, portugués y
francés (y neerlandés), y el proceso de genocidio lingüístico y cultural de
América (con prácticas tan abominables, inhumanas e injustas como el
"apartheid  lingüístico" paraguayo) no se detienen, cuando "nosotros"
emigremos, a un ritmo mucho mayor que el presente, a la Unión Europea y
Suiza –con la memoria viva de la nula ayuda recibida cuando nuestras lenguas
eran genocidadas–, constituiremos enormes bolsas de hablantes de inglés o
castellano (o portugués) en muchos países. Y los africanos que verán morir
sus lenguas bajo el francés, el inglés, el portugués o el árabe, aumentarán
las bolsas de hablantes de estas lenguas. Ochocientos mil hablantes de
castellano o de portugués, de cualquier origen, en Dinamarca (5,5 millones
de habitantes) o en Finlandia (5,3 millones) o en Suecia (9 millones) o en
Irlanda (4 millones) serán una "minoría alófona" a proteger y contribuirán a
cambiar la historia y el perfil lingüístico de estos países. No será culpa
nuestra. Se asesinan, ante la indiferencia de todos, nuestras lenguas. Se
asesina, ante la  indiferencia de todos, el guaraní y se conculcan los
derechos humanos y lingüísticos más básicos de sus hablantes, la mayoría de
paraguayos. Si nada cambia, contribuiremos, a pesar nuestro, a asesinar
otras lenguas. Lo sentimos. Somos inocentes.

¿Qué pedimos?

La condena pública por parte de la Unión Europea del “apartheid lingüístico”
paraguayo.

La cooperación efectiva política, económica y técnica de la Unión Europea
para acabar con el “apartheid lingüístico” paraguayo contra el guaraní

Lo pedimos ahora. Y no queremos sólo palabras.

Europa, ¿sólo escuchas tus voces (tus lenguas)?

Firman,

Movimiento de Educadores Jekupytyrâ
jekupytyra@xxxxxxxxx

Movimiento Campesino Paraguayo
info@okaraygua–paraguai.org
mcp@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
www.okaraygua–paraguai.org

Coordinadora de Productores Agrícolas de San Pedro Norte

Partido Convergencia Popular Socialista
pcps@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Fundación Yvy Marâe’ÿ
yvymaraey.fundacion@xxxxxxxxx

Ateneo de Lengua y Cultura Guaraní
ateneo@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
www.ateneoguarani.edu.py

Organización Nacional de Aborígenes Independientes

Coordinadora Nacional de Organizaciones de Mujeres Trabajadoras Rurales e
Indígenas – CONAMURI
conamuri@xxxxxxxxxxxxx

Ñe’êeta rekávo Aty – Organización por el Multilingüismo
guarani@om–plural.org

Grupo Kuruvíka
curuvica@xxxxxxxxx

Karaku · Observatorio Guaraní Europeo
karaku.tae@xxxxxxxxx

Paraguay–Asunción, 19 de noviembre de 2006
___________________________________________________

WE DEMAND THE END OF “LINGUISTIC APARTHEID” IN PARAGUAY! ENOUGH OF TWO
HUNDRED YEARS OF DISCRIMINATION!

FIRST REMINDER
MONTH 1

One month ago, the Paraguayan civil society requested the political class of
Paraguay (see below) to assume responsibilities and end the shameful and
ignoble system of “LINGUISTIC APARTHEID” that has predominated in Paraguay,
in its state administration, media, judicial system, education, culture,
etc. in its 195 years of national independence (1811–2006). This domination
has excluded all those who speak Guaraní as their first language from their
culture, education and from fully participating in Paraguay’s social and
political life, and this is particularly so for those who only speak
Guaraní. (According to the National Population and Household Census 2002 of
Paraguay, Guaraní is the language spoken by 59% of all Paraguayan
households!)

One month after our petition, the political class of Paraguay has not yet
explained how they plan to dismantle the “linguistic apartheid” system that
has existed in Paraguay for the last two centuries. The international
community also has failed to make public the measures they will take or
sanctions that will be imposed on the state for two hundred years of severe
violations of the most basic human rights, the linguistic rights of the
Guaraní–speaking population.

We demand answers!

And we will continue to demand them!

The truth and our longing for justice are on our side!

Mbo’ehára Ñemongu’e Jekupytyrâ – Movimiento de Educadores Jekupytyrâ
Okaraygua Ñemongu’e Paraguáipe – Movimiento Campesino Paraguayo
Coordinadora de Productores Agrícolas de San Pedro Norte
Partido Convergencia Popular Socialista
Fundación Yvy Marâe’ÿ
Ateneo de Lengua y Cultura Guaraní
Organización Nacional de Aborígenes Independientes
Ñe’êeta rekávo Aty – Organización por el Multilingüismo

Asunción, 31 August 2006

Open letter (8). “Guaraní, an official language of Mercosur” Campaign. To
the political class of the Paraguayan nation. First reminder. Month one.

ADDRESSEES
Excelentísimo Señor Nicanor Duarte Frutos
Presidente de la República del Paraguay
secretariadecomunicaciones@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
webmaster@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Excelentísimo Señor Ing. Luis Alberto Castiglioni
Vicepresidente de la República del Paraguay

*Honorable Cámara de Diputados del Paraguay*

Diputado Nacional Víctor Alcides Bogado González
Presidente
victorbogado@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Diputado Nacional Carlos Nelson Chávez Arguello
Vicepresidente 1º
cnchavez@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Diputado Nacional Lino M. Agüero Cantero
Vicepresidente 2º
lmaguero@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dip. E. Zacarías Vera Cárdenas
Secretario parlamentario
ezvera@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dip. Atilio Penayo Ortega
Secretario parlamentario
apenayo@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Dip. Mario Alberto Coronel Paredes
Secretario parlamentario
macoronel@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

*Honorable Cámara de Senadores del Paraguay*

Senador Enrique González Quintana
Presidente
gquintana@xxxxxxxxxxxxx

Senador Armando Vicente Espínola Wiezell
Vicepresidente 1º
aespinola@xxxxxxxxxxxxx

Senadora Ana María Juanita Mendoza de Acha
Vicepresidente 2º
amendoza@xxxxxxxxxxxxx

Senador Jorge Antonio Oviedo Matto
Secretario parlamentario
joviedo@xxxxxxxxxxxxx

Senador Candido Carmelo Vera Bejarano
Secretario parlamentario
vbejarano@xxxxxxxxxxxxx

Senador Arsenio Ocampos Velázquez
Secretario parlamentario
aocampos@xxxxxxxxxxxxx

*Partidos políticos de Paraguái*

ANR (Asociación Nacional Republicana – Partido Colorado)
PDC (Partido Demócrata Cristiano)
PEN (Partido Encuentro Nacional)
PLRA (Partido Liberal Radical Auténtico)
PPQ (Partido Patria Querida)
PPS (Partido País Solidario)
PRF (Partido Revolucionario Febrerista)

*Human Rights Watch*

Estados Unidos
New York
hrwnyc@xxxxxxx

Estados Unidos
Washington, D.C.
hrwdc@xxxxxxx

Reino Unido
London
hrwatchuk@xxxxxxxxxx

Bélgica
Bruselas
hrwatcheu@xxxxxxxxxx

________________________________________________

To the political class of the Paraguayan nation. “Guaraní, an official
language of Mercosur” Campaign.

We demand the political class of Paraguay responsibilities for having
discriminated Guarani in Paraguay during the past two hundred years.

I hope that what guides the destiny of the Nation / will some day also
contemplate the hardships suffered under miserable orphanhood.

Mauricio Cardoso Ocampo (1938), Chokokue purahéi (Farmer’s song)

Belgium became an independent country in 1830. The country functions in
Dutch, French and German.

Norway became an independent country in 1905 and functions in Norwegian,
with two official variants, Bokmal and Nynorsk.

Finland became an independent country in 1917 and operates in Finnish and
Swedish.
Iceland became fully independent in 1944 and uses Icelandic.

Malta became independent in 1964 and operates in Maltese and English.

Greenland became an autonomous province of Denmark in 1979 and functions in
Kalaallisut (Greenlandic) and Danish.

Estonia became an independent country in 1991 and functions in Estonian.

Slovakia became an independent country in 1993 and operates in Slovak.

The same goes for an infinite number of countries around the world.

Paraguay won its independence in 1811. In 195 years of independence,
Paraguay has never operated in the identifying, historic, sentimental,
autochthonous, indigenous language spoken by the majority of the population,
the Guaraní language. Who will answer for this bicentenary injustice, for
the denial of dignity and the rights of millions of Paraguayans, of
generations of Paraguayans? An enormous and crucial part of the blame, of
the responsibility for this injustice lies with the political class of
Paraguay.

For two hundred years the political class of Paraguay has refused to build
an authentic “national home” for the Guaraní language. There are hundreds of
“national homes” for other languages, but none for Guaraní. The elite class
of this country has refused to create a Paraguayan State that operates in
Guaraní and uses it in its administration, educational system, armed forces,
media, economics, culture and art, social and associative life... a country
in which everyone would also speak Spanish and other languages.

During these two hundred years in which Paraguay has been an independent
country, languages with the same, or even less number of speakers, with a
similar or even younger written tradition, have been linguistically and
socially standardised and are now the languages of small and large countries
around the world. This is the case for languages such as Finnish, Norwegian,
Maltese, Estonian, Catalan, Latvian, etc. Why was it denied, why does it
continue to be denied to Guaraní?

The new Paraguayan State born in 1811 could have adopted the “national”
tradition of the Jesuit missions to “govern the country” in Guaraní –an
experience that was abruptly and brutally shattered in 1767, only 44 years
before reaching independence– and create a state in Guaraní and Spanish. It
was not done. Never in two hundred years has the political class of Paraguay
explained the reasons for these two centuries of disgrace, denial and
contempt.

Now we have the moral obligation, at least to ourselves, and especially to
all the Paraguayans who preceded us and lived in a state built without their
language, our language, with regard to history and to all Paraguayans, to
honestly and even painfully ask ourselves, Why did the Paraguayan State not
take into account the Guaraní language when it was built? Why has it not
been done in two hundred years? What abominable prejudices or ignoble,
selfish and antipatriotic interests have allowed such an unjust and
arbitrary act, such a barbarity?

The exclusion of the Guaraní language has been a cruel, inhumane, unjust,
immoral, unethical, unchristian way –in a country in which the majority of
citizens are Christian– of keeping most of the population in subdued
poverty, with high rates of illiteracy and suffering under the harshest and
most atrocious exploitation.. It has been a way of excluding the majority of
the population from political and citizen participation, of preventing them
from debating about the model of their state. How has it been possible, in
two hundred years, to legislate and issue laws, to exchange public and
private contracts in a language that, until recently, the majority of the
population did not understand? Is this not an outright injustice? Is it not
a legal insecurity to leave most of the population completely defenceless?
How could this happen? How can we let this happen? How could we have done so
much damage to our own selves?

Paraguay has legislated against the majority of its citizens. It has
governed against the majority of Paraguayans. Education was never offered to
all of the population. Never. Providing education to all of the country’s
citizens meant and still means the creation of one Nation for all, a more
just Nation for all. If the goal were to educate and reach all of the
population, then all schooling and teaching would have been done in our
language, in Guaraní, in addition to teaching other languages. As happens in
all other normal states of the world. The state of Paraguay would have based
its foundations on Guaraní. Why was this not done? Why does the Paraguayan
media not ask itself day after day why this was not done and why it is not
done now?

In two hundred years, millions of Paraguayans have been stripped of their
self–esteem. For the sole fact of speaking Guaraní and of being who they
are. Only because they speak a language that existed before any European
language had arrived. Their lives have been destroyed merely for speaking a
language they did not choose, since no one chooses the language they speak.
They have been denied the right to be first–class citizens in their own
country because they speak a language that is as or even more American, as
or even more ancient than our most cherished red earth. The atrocities and
errors that have been committed are deplorable and worthy of tears. We
should weep with guilt. Weep for days.

The Guaraní language has been sullied and betrayed. Guaraní saved our Nation
in the two wars that almost bled us to death, the wars of 1865–1870 and
1932–1935. By fighting in Guaraní, thousands of Paraguayans were willing to
die to defend their Nation and the freedom of all. A Nation that was built
against them, against their language, our language. Any normal country with
even the slightest feeling of national dignity, self–esteem and respect
towards its citizens would immediately have made official the language that
helped save the Nation. But this did not happen in Paraguay. It did not
happen! It simply did not happen! Even worse, the language and its people
were persecuted, denigrated, humiliated. Guaraní was in no way elevated to
the level of a state language; the language of a state for which thousands
died fighting. This is tantamount to indignity. The language was relegated
to the level of folklore and was denied dignity and power!

We want to build the future!

We will not forget –nor do we want to forget– our linguistic history. But we
do want to build our future. A future for Paraguay, a future for Guaraní. A
future filled with justice. But in order to build this future we need a
national catharsis, we need our own linguistic truth and justice commission,
to fight our own battle, to understand and close the wound we bear for all
that has been done against the Guaraní language and all other Paraguayan
languages in the past two hundred years.

We want the political class of Paraguay to explain itself. Why have these
deeds been perpetrated? Why has what has happened to us as a Nation been
tolerated? We want explanations so as not to repeat the errors of the past.

Once we have been given these explanations, we will look towards the future
with the need to know, What are we going to do to make Guaraní a fully
official language of the Paraguayan State, of Mercosur and of our part of
America?

We ask the political parties for specific compromises:

1.   Not to nominate candidates to election or as trusted members of
government those who cannot prove having a perfect oral and written command
of both Guaraní and Spanish.

2.   To use Guaraní orally and written in all publications, posters,
stickers, placards, webs, speeches, slogans, etc.

3.   To immediately publish their linguistic policy program for Paraguay and
state their goals for Guaraní –indigenous, national and official language–
for Spanish –official language– for the rest of the Paraguayan languages and
for the languages of immigrants. As well as the terms in which these goals
will be achieved.

4.   To make public the names of those responsible for the linguistic
policies of each party who, in turn, should explain what they will do to
carry through their program and the standards by which they will evaluate
the activities carried out by the Paraguayan government in terms of
linguistic policies.

Within this context, we demand that the political parties answer the
following questions:

1.   When will Guaraní be an officially regulated language?

2.   When will Paraguay pass a linguistic policy law?

3.   What will be done for office automation and the use of the most
universal programs in Guaraní?

4.   When will all laws and other state, departamental and local legal
provisions be published in Guaraní and in Spanish?

5.   When will it be mandatory –with all means provided– for all Paraguayan
schoolchildren to have a spoken and written command of Guaraní, Spanish and
a third language by the time they finish their studies?

6.   When will the Paraguayan administration work, at all levels, in Guaraní
and Spanish? When will civil servants –old and new– speak and write in both
languages? When will a national training plan be introduced to prepare
present civil servants to be able to carry out their duties in both Guaraní
and Spanish?

7.   When will all national symbology (name of the state, national emblem,
flag, names of the institutions, national hymn, stamps, passports, identity
cards, names of the cities, streets and geographical features) also be in
Guaraní or be named in Guaraní?

8.   When will all public and private media in Paraguay guarantee at least
50% of its offer in Guaraní?

9.   When will it be mandatory for all Paraguayan firms to offer all of
their products (including labelling) and services at least in Guaraní and in
Spanish, and guarantee that their clients will be attended in the language
of their choice, in Guaraní or in Spanish?

10.   When will the obligation of accrediting foreigners with sufficient
oral and written knowledge of Guaraní and Spanish before they can obtain the
Paraguayan nationality be regulated?

11.   What steps will be taken to make Guaraní fully official in Mercosur
and in the Mercosur Parliament?

12.   What steps will be taken to turn Guaraní into the fifth interamerican
language alongside Spanish, English, Portuguese and French?

13.   What will be done to facilitate knowledge, relations and cooperation
amongst all of the Guaraní–speaking American community?

14.   What will be done for Paraguayans abroad with regard to offering
Guaraní language classes and classes “in Guaraní”?

Tired of the frauds and deceits suffered by all Paraguayans and the Guaraní
language in the past two hundred years, we ask our friends around the world
to help us make this denunciation / petition known in order to alert the
international community, after almost two centuries, of the indignity and
injustices that the political class of our country has committed and
continues to commit against our language and the people who speak Guaraní,
against the citizens of Paraguay.

Paraguay–Asunción, 31 / July / 2006





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